D  NOTE-BOOK 


Field  Note-book  of  Fishes, 

Amphibians,  Reptiles  and  Mammals 


BY 


A.    H.    WRIGHT   and   A.    A.    ALLEN 

DEPT.  OF  ZOOLOGY,  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


ITHACA,  NEW  YORK 
1913 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

IJBRARY 

<  '    \EQE  OF  AGRICULTURE 
DAVIS 


COPYRIGHT     19 14 
BY   A.    H     WRIGHT   AND   A.    A.    ALLEN 


Explanatory  Note 

'TpHE  object  of  this  note-book  is  two-fold :    to  facilitate  the 

taking  of  adequate  notes  in  the  field,  and  to  teach 

accuracy  of  observation. 

The  six  outlines  of  animal  forms  represent  generalized 

types  toward  some  one  of  which  every  vertebrate  (except 

the  bird)    will  approximate,  and  which  with  slight  changes 

will  accurately  portray  the  species  under  observation. 

Plate  I — ^A  generalized  fish.  This  with  slight  modifica- 
tions, will  represent  any  of  the  fresh-water 
forms,  and  most  of  the  marine  species. 

Plate  II — ^A  generalized  salamander.  This  will  serve  for 
the  adult  and  larval  salamanders  and  newts, 
and  with  modification  will  represent  the  alliga- 
tors and  the  lizards. 

Plate  III — ^A  generalized  frog.  This  will  represent  any  frog, 
tree-frog  or  toad. 

Plate  IV — ^A  generalized  snake.  This  will  represent  the 
harmless  and  the  venomous  snakes  and  the 
limbless  lizards. 

Plate  V — A  generalized  turtle.  This  will  serve  for  any  of 
the  turtles,  tortoises  or  terrapins. 

Plate  VI — ^A  generalized  mammal.  This  with  slight 
changes  will  represent  any  of  our  smaller 
native  mammals. 


The  color  areas  should  be  outlined  with  pencil  in  the  field, 
while  the  animal  is  under  observation,  and  after  it  has  been 
identified,  the  areas  should  be  colored  with  crayons  or  water 
colors.  Egg  and  larval  diagrams  should  be  made  in  a  similar 
way  if  the  specimens  are  observed  in  the  field,  but  otherwise 
notes  as  to  color,  nimiber,  size  and  similar  data  may  be 
obtained  from  the  instructor  or  from  the  texts. 

The  figures  are  so  designed  as  to  admit  of  the  introduction 
of  such  laboratory  characters  as  scalation  and  costal 
grooves,  when  needed. 

In  addition  to  outlining  the  color  areas,  such  other  items  as 
are  observed  or  given  by  the  instructor  shoiild  be  written  in 
the  field.  Notes  on  general  distribution,  migration  and 
hibernation  and  other  topics  not  considered  or  recorded 
afield,  should  be  obtained  from  the  texts.  In  determining 
the  size  use  the  ruler  on  the  back  cover,  except  in  the  mammal 
studies  where  well-known  forms  may  be  chosen  as  standards. 

In  planning  this  booklet  the  authors  have  selected  only 
such  features  as  have  been  fully  tested  through  ten  years  of 
experience  in  teaching  university  classes  in  field  study. 


i 


MODEL  SHEET 

Proimin«Y4"  .^Un<lu\dr    fold 
Ddirk    brwyn         Grr«.en 


Date:  May  i,  19 14 

Where  found:  Ren  wick 


Crests  tr^tisluccnt 


Tupil     hoTi».w»i 


V/K'.U 


BTn>njAj,  increscent 
SpiT^jcle    smistrdl  Tine    pencili'vt^s 


Size:  3>^  inches 

Common  name :     Leopard  Frog. 

Scientific  name:     Rana  pipiens  Schreber. 

Family,  and  characters  of:     Ranidce:    thorax  incapable  of  expansion,  upper  jawwith  teeth,   moist  smooth 
skin,   digits  without  discs. 


Confusing  species:     Pickerel  Frog. 

Recognition  marks:     Entire  under-parls  white;   back  green  or  greenish  brown,  irregularly  spotted. 

Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 

General:     Eastern  North  America. 

Local  (habitat) :     Marshes,  ponds,  water-courses  and  moist  meadows. 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) :     Mar.  26-Nov.  i;   hibernates  beneath  stones  or  in  mud  at  the  bottom 
of  ponds  and  streams;  in  summer  leaves  water  for  moist  situations. 


Food:     Adults,  carnivorous,  feeding  chiefly  on  living  prey;    tadpoles,  largely  vegetarian. 

Correlated  structure:     Adults  with  extrusible,  viscid  tongue;    teeth;    large  mouth.     Tadpoles  with  long 
intestines;    rasping  mouth-parts  with  cutaneous  teeth. 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications:     Males  smaller,  darker,  with  thumbs  much  enlarged. 

Courtship:     Pectoral  embrace;   external  fertilization. 

Eggs:  Egg-mass,  plinth-like,  submerged  {3500-4500  eggs); 
hatching  period,  12-24  days;  egg-vegetative  Pole,  distinctly  white; 
inner  envelope,  conspicuous. 


I>»»>er  e»tv«lop«.    distTnet 


Growth: 

Larvae:     Tadl>ole  period,  60-80  days,  transforming  from  June  30  -Aug.  6. 

Young:     At  transformation,  18-31  mm.  in  length;    otherwise  similar  to  adult. 


Other  Characteristics:     The  most  abundant  frog  in  Eastern  North  America;    the  young  occasionally 
so  numerous  as  to  form  the  so-called  'plagues  of  frogs." 


THE  FAUNA  OF  ITHACA,  N.  Y. 
FISHES 


Species 

Habitat 

Breeding  Time 

Breeding  Place 

Lake  Lamprey 

Lakes 

May  9- June  30 

Nests;  swift  shallows 
above  riffles 

Brook  Lamprey 
Lake  Sturgeon 

Lakes 
Lakes 

April  28-May  30 
May      -June 

Nests ;      swift     shallows 

above  riffles 
Shoal     waters     and     in 

rapids  of  streams 

Long-nosed  Gar 

Deep    channels,    lakes, 
large  streams 

May      -June 

Shoals,  streams,  possibly 
attached  to  plants 

Bowfin 

Lakes,      swamps,      and 
streams 

May      -June 

Nest;  shallow,  weedy  or 
sandy  sloughs,  swamps 

Spotted  Cat 

Swift,     clear,     gravelly 
streams  and  rivers 

May      -June 

Yellow  Catfish 

Sluggish,  weedy,  muddy 
streams  and  lakes 

May      -July  20 

Nest  on  muddy  bottom 

Long-jawed  Catfish 

Sluggish,  weedy,  muddy 
streams  and  lakes 

May  20-June  15 

Nest  on  muddy  bottom 
or  uilder  board 

Common  Bullhead 

Sluggish,  weedy,  muddy 
streams  and  lakes 

May  20-July  I 

Nests;  shallow  muddy 
shoals  under  boards, 
roots,  etc. 

Tadpole  Cat 

Sluggish,  muddy,  or  swift 
creeks,  lakes 

May       -July  i 

Nest;  under  board,  in 
cans,  under  crockery 

White  Sucker 

Creeks,  diversified  habi- 
tat 

April      -May  15 

Riffles  or  swift  water 

Hog  Sucker 

Small,  and  large,  clear, 
gravelly  streams 

April      -May 

Shallows  of  swifter 
brooks 

Chub  Sucker 

Creeks 

April      -May  15 

Small  streams 

Red  Horse 

Lakes  and  creeks 

April      -May 

Riffles  of  streams 

Red-bellited  Dace 

Small,  cold  brooks  and 
streams,  lakes 

May      -June 

Shallow  water 

Silvery  Minnow 

Quiet  rivers,  creeks 

April  2S-June 

Quiet  water  and  riffles 

Fat-head  Minnow 

Quiet  creeks 

May      -June 

Under  stones  and  logs  in 
quiet  water 

Blunt-nosed  Minnow 

Quiet    streams,    creeks, 
and  lakes 

May  iS-July  15 

Nest;  shallow  water 
under  stones,  etc. 

Fallfish 

Rapid  rocky  streams 

May 

Large  pebble  heaps  in 
shallow,  swift  riffles 

Horned  Dace 

Small,   quiet,   weedy 
streams,  ponds 

April  20-July 

Smaller  pebble  heaps  in 
quiet  water  of  riffles 
and  gravel  bars  in 
lakes 

Golden  Shiner 

Sluggish  .muddy,  weedy , 
bayous,  ponds 

May      -July  i 

On  vegetation,  sluggish, 
muddy  waters 

Black-chinned  Minnow 

May  8-June  12 

Cayuga  Minnow 

Slow,     muddy,     creeks, 
lakes 

May  2-August 

Quiet  water,  bayous 

Varying-toothed  Minnow 

Sluggish,  clear,  cool  lakes, 
streams 

May       —June 

Quiet  water,  bayous 

Species 

Habitat 

Breeding  Time 

Breeding  Place 

Straw-colored  Minnow 

Swift,    clear    rivers, 
streams 

May  2S-July  i6 

Swallow-tailed  Minnow 

Sluggish  or  rapid  waters 

Silver-fin 

Rapid,     clear    streams, 
nvers 

May  2i-June  28 

Gravelly  riffles 

Spot-tail  Minnow 

Large  lakes,  rivers 

April  25- May 

Gravelly  riffles 

Common  Shiner 

Quiet,  clean  brooks, 
creeks,  rivers 

May  i-July  6 

Hollow  in  fine  gravelly 
swift  shoals 

Silver-sided  Minnow 

Rapids,  clear  lakes.rivers, 
larger  streams 

May  15-June  I 

Gravelly  riffles 

Blood-tailed  Minnow 

Quiet,  clean  creeks 

June  i-June  15 

Black-nosed  Dace 

Clear  streams  and  moun- 
tain brooks 

May  24-June 

Shallow  water,  gravelly 
riffles  or  on  vegetation 

Homyhead 

Rapid,      clean      creeks, 
streams  and  rivers 

May  20-June  15 

Nest,  gravelly  riffles 

Cut-lip  Minnow 

Clear  creeks 

June      -July 

Carp 

Sluggish,  muddy  lakes, 
creeks,  rivers 

May      -June 

On  vegetation  in  shallow 

water 

Eel 
Alewife 

Seas  and  lakes 

Sea  and  inland  lakes 

April-June  or  July 

Pelagic  eggs  but  laid  in 

deep  water 
Mouths  of  larger  streams 

usually  in  shoal  water 

Whitefish 

Deep,  cool  lakes 

Oct-Dec. 

Rocky  shoals  in  lakes 

Ontario  Herring 

Deep,  cool  lakes 

Nov.-Dec. 

Rocky  shoals  in  lakes 

Brown  Trout 

Clear,  cold,  rapid  streams 

Oct.-Jan. 

Crevices  between  stones, 
under  roots,  and  exca- 
vation on  bottom 

Rainbow  Trout 

Clear,  cold,  rapid  streams 

Nov.-Feb. 

Gravel  nest  in  shoals 

Lake  Trout 

Deeper  water,  lakes 

Oct.-Dec.  I 

Honey-combed,  rocky  or 
gravelly  shoals  or  clay 
bottom 

Brook  Trout 

Cold,    clear,    mountain 
streams  and  lakes 

Sept.-Jan. 

Nest  in  grravel 

Mud  Minnow 
Pickerel 

Muddy,  sluggis^i  rivers, 
ponds,  lakes 

Marshy  bayous,  ponds, 
lakes 

Mar.  i6-Apr.  7 
Feb  .-June  i 

Small,  transient  ditches, 
overflows,  quiet  water 
on  plants 

Swampy  streams,  shal- 
low overflows,  ditches 

Pike 

Clean,  sluggish  water 

Mar.-May 

Swampy  streams,  shal- 
low overflows,  ditches 

Fresh-water  Killy 

Lakes  and  ponds 

June  24-Aug.  3 

Grassy  bottoms 

Brook  Stickleback 

Clear,  cool,  quiet  brooks 
and  ponds 

Apr.  lO-May 

Spherical  nest  of  vegeta- 
tion attached  to  plants 

Trout  Perch 

Lakes,  larger  rivers  and 
streams 

May-June  10 

Swift,  gravelly  streams 

Brook  Silverside 
Calico  Bass 
Rock  Bass 

Quiet  lakes,  streams,  and 
ponds 

Deep,  sluggish  rivers  and 

Sluggish,    shady,    clean 
waters  and  streams 

May-June 
Apr.-June 
Apr.-June 

Eggs  with  filaments,  at- 
tached to  vegetation 

Nest;  deeper  water, 
gravelly  or  sandy 
bottom 

Nest;  gravelly  or  sandy 
shoals 

BluegiU 

Large  lakes  and  streams 

May-June  10 

Nest;  gravelly  or  sandy 
shoals 

Common  Sun  fish 

Quiet  lakes,   ponds  and  May-June 
creeks                               1 

Nest;  sandy  or  gravelly 
shallows 

Species 

Habitat 

Breeding  Time 

Breeding  Place 

Small-mouthed  Black 
Bass 

Rapid,      clear      creeks, 
rivers  and  lakes 

Apr.-June  30 

Nest;  gravelly  and  sandy 
shallows 

Large-mouthed  Black 
Bass 

Pike  Perch 

Streams  or  lakes 

Clear,  clean  lakes,  rivers 

Apr.-July 
Apr.  i-June  i 

Nest,     shallows     amon^ 
roots;     also    on    mud, 
clay  or  gravel 

Shallow     water,     sandy 
bars,  rapids  of  streams 

Sand  Pike 

Lakes  and  large  rivers 

Apr.  1-15 

Shallow     water,     sandy 
bars 

Yellow  Perch 

Lakes,  larger  streams 

Mar.  i-Apr.  30 

Adhesive  strings 
attached  to  plants 

Log  Perch 

Swift      creeks,     smaller 
rivers 

May  30-June  25 

Johnny  Darter 

Swift,  small  brooks  and 
creeks 

Apr.  is-June  i 

Gravelly  shallows  under 
stones,   or  overlapping 
edges 

Fantail  Darter 

Riffles  and  shallows  of 
gravelly  creeks 

May 

Gravelly     shallows,     on 
stones 

White  Bass 

Lakes  and  large  rivers 

May,  June 

Near  shore  or  at  mouths 
of  rivers 

Sheepshead 

Large  streams  and  lakes 

Probably  Nov.  or  later 

Miller's  Thumb 

Clear,  rocky  brooks,lakes 

Apr.-July 

Shallow  water  under 
stones 

Burbot 

Deep  water,  lakes 

Nov.-March 

Hard  or  rocky  or  gravelly 
bottom   of   lakes   and 
streams 

PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 
Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristic^^ 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship : 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristio«4 


PLATE  I 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship : 

Nestmg  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  si)ecies: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nestmg  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young; 
Other  Characteristics; 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship : 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species. 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits' 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nestmg  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  CharacteristJcs? 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species. 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits' 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship 

Nestmg  or  egg -lay  mg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristtesi 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General:     ' 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Covuiiship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


/ood: 
Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship : 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics! 


1 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

!^ommon  name: 
Scientific  name: 
''amily,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
distinctive  habits: 


distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)? 

Seasonal  (migration): 


"ood: 
Correlated  structure: 


treeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 


irowth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
)ther  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General : 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Pood: 
Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 


arowth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)  r 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  CharacterisiiCs: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)  • 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship; 

Nesting  or  egg -laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species. 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits* 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg -laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae; 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)* 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristius: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  si)ecies: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration); 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship : 

Nestmg  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration); 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nestmg  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


?LATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)  r 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-lay mg; 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)* 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications! 


Courtship: 
Nesting  or  > 


-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General:     ' 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration); 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


^ood: 
Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship ; 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics! 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)? 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding; 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Youngt 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-lay  mg; 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristicn 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General! 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding; 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nestmg  or  egg-laymg; 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young:    . 
Other  Characteristics! 


PLATE  I 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nestmg  or  egg -laying: 


Gro^rth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laymg: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 
Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship ; 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


urowth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics; 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)  r 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

(Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nestmg  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae; 

Young: 
Other  Character iSt.Ss; 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)? 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexua!  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nestmg  or  egg -laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species. 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Clourtship: 

Nesting  or  egg -laying: 


Growth: 
Larvae; 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics; 


PLATE  I 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat)  r    . 

Seasonal  (migration): 


Food: 

(Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

(Courtship; 

Nestmg  or  egg-iaymg: 


•   •    •    • 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  Characteristics: 


THE  FAUNA  OF  ITHACA,  N.  Y. 
SALAMANDERS 


Species 

Earliest  Spring 
Appearance 

Spawning  Period 

Egg-Transformation 

Mud  Puppy 
Spotted  Salamander 
Four-toed  Salamander 
Red-backed  Salamander 
Slimy  Salamander 
Purple  Salamander 
Two-lined  Salamander 
Dusky  Salamander 
Newt 

Mar.  13 

Mar.  17 

Apr.  I 

Mar.  14 

Jan.  2,  Mar.  12 

Apr.  2 

Jan.  2,  Mar.  20 

May  i-June  15 
Mar.  20-May  I 
Spring 

June  is-July  5 
Probably  summer 
May,  June 
May  i6-June 
June  lo-Aug.  i 
Apr.  lo-june  18 

Permanent  larva 
4-6  months 

2.S — 3  months 

Possibly  2  or  more  years 
Possibly  2  years 
8-10  months 
4-8  months 

FROGS  AND  TOADS 


Species 

Average  Spring 

Average  Spawn- 

Average Trans- 

Egg-Transfor- 

Appearance 

ing  Date 

formation  Date 

mation 

Peeper 

Mar.  26 

Apr.  10 

July  6 

90-100  da  vs 

Meadow  Frog 

Mar.  28 

Apr.  II 

.uly  12 

75-1 10  days 

Wood  Frog 

Mar.  31 

Apr.  4 

June  27 

60-1  IS  days 

American  Toad 

Apr.  I 

Apr.  23 

une  21 

45-65  days 

Pickerel  Frog 

Apr.  3 

Apr.  23 

July  23 
June  28 

90-100  davs 

Green  Frog 

Apr.  7 

.  une  7 

I  vear 

Tree  Toad 

Apr.  28 
May  20 

June  2 
July  4 

July  25 
July  16 

45-65  days 

Bull  Frog 

2  year^ 

PLATE  II 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Diitinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) : 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications : 

Courtship: 

Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  II 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 


Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Diitinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General : 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation); 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 


Young? 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  II 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Diitinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation;: 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 


Young: 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  II 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation); 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship : 

Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  F 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
'Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) : 

Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  II 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 

Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) ; 

Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  F 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution : 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) : 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 
Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  Characteristics! 


PLATE  II 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat) : 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) : 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications : 


Courtship: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  n 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  'species : 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General : 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation; : 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young? 


Other  Characteristics: 


PLATE  n 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Eggs: 

Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  Cbaracteristics: 


PLATE  m 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration, hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  characteristics. 


PLATE  HI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General:  , 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation^  t 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 
Eggs: 


Growth; 
Larvae: 

Young: 

Other  characteristics. 


PLATE  m 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 


Confusing  species: 

Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration, hibernation); 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 
Eggs: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  characteristics. 


PLATE  m 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration, hibernation): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice! 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 
Eggs: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  characteristics. 


PLATE  m 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration, hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 
Eggs: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  characteristics. 


PLATE  m 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of| 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Eggs: 


Growth: 
Larvae; 


Young: 


Other  characteristics 


PLATE  ra 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation  | 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice! 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 
Other  characteristic's. 


PLATE  m 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  naxne: 
Family,  and  characters  of| 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) ! 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice; 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 


Growth: 
Larvae: 

Young: 


Other  characteristics. 


THE  FAUNA  OF  ITHACA,  N.  Y. 
SNAKES 


Species 

Earliest 

Spring 

Appearance 

Latest 

Fall 

Record 

Reproductive 
Period 

Nature  of 
Reproduction 

Ring-necked  Snake 
Green  Snake 
Pilot  Snake 
Black  Snake 
Milk  Snake 
Water  Snake 
Red-bellied  Snake 
Ribbon  Snake 
Garter  Snake 

Apr.  19 
Apr.  9 
Apr.  27 

Apr.  1 6 
Mar.  28 
Mar.  1 8 
Mar.  1 8 
Mar.  30 

Oct.  i6 
Oct.  20 
August 
Aug.  6 
Sept.  20 
Oct.  24 
Nov.  I 
Oct.  30 
Nov.  2 

June  lO-July  i 

July 

June,  July 

June-Aug.  6 

July 

Aug.  is-Sept. 

Aug.  20-Sept. 

Aug.  i-Sept.  IS 

Aug.i-Sept.  IS 

Oviparous,  6-io  eggs 
Oviparous,  9-12  eggs 
Oviparous,  10-24  eggs 
Oviparous,  10-25  eggs 
Oviparous,  8-20  eggs 
Ovoviviparous,  16-40  young 
Ovoviviparous,  7-12  young 
Ovoviviparous,  6-12  young 
Ovoviviparous,  10-40  young 

TURTLES 


species 

Earliest  Spring 
Appearance 

Latest  Fall 
Record 

Reproductive  Period 

Soft-shelled  Turtle 
Snapping  Turtle 
Musk  Turtle 
Painted  Turtle 
Muhlenberg's  Turtle 
Wood  Turtle 
Spotted  Turtle 

Apr.  23 

Jan.  25,  Mar.  20 

Apr.  I 

Jan.  2,  Mar.  10 

Apr.  9 

Jan.  26,  Apr.  20 

Apr.  3 

July  26 
Oct.  31 
Sept.  24 
Oct.  19 

Sept.  28 

June  iS-.Tuly  is 
June,  July 
June  lO-July  10 
June-July 
July  20-Aug.  S 

PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth! 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration, hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation) : 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice; 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young; 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics; 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Yovmg: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-lajring: 

Growth; 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  V 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration  hibernation); 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  V 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  V 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration  hibernation) : 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 


Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  V 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration, hibernation): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications; 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  IV 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General : 

Local  (habitat): 

,  Seasonal  (migration, hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth : 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  V 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration  hibernation) : 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth : 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  V 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 
Scientific  name: 
Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 

Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship : 

Nesting  or  egg-laying: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


THE  FAUNA  OF  ITHACA 
MAMMALS 


Species 

Habitat 

Breeding  Time 

Breeding  Place 

Activity 

Opossum 

Woodland 

Mar.  - 

Hollow  tree 

Nocturnal,  hibernates 

Red  Squirrel 

Arboreal,  everywhere 

Apr.-May 

Hole  in  tree 

Diurnal 

Gray  Squirrel 

Arboreal,   hardwood 
groves 

Mar.-Apr.  (Sept.- 
Oct.) 

Hole  in  tree,  nest  in 
crotch 

Diurnal,    hibernates 
during  coldest  weath- 

Chipmunk 
Woodchuck 
Flying  Squirrel 

Terrestrial,  dry  woods, 

fence  rows 
Terrestrial,  fields  and 

wood  borders 
Arboreal,  everywhere 

May-July 
Apr.-May 
Apr.  is-May  i 

Burrow  in  ground  or 

stump 
Burrow  in  ground 

Hole  in  dead  stub 

er 

Diurnal,  hibernates, 
Nov.  1 5- March  i 

Mostly  diurnal,  hiber- 
nates, Oct.  i-Mar.  i 

Nocturnal 

House  Mouse 

Habitations  and  vicin- 
ity 

Buildings,     wharves, 
sewers,  etc. 

Largely    terrestrial, 
woods  and  vicinity 

Similar  to   the   preced 

Jan.-Dec. 

About  buildings 

Largely  nocturnal 

Norway  Rat 

Deer  Mouse 

Canadian  White-footed 
Mouse 

Jan.-Dec. 
Apr  .-Sept. 
ing  but  found  only 

Burrow  or  crevice 

Burrow  in  stump  or  be- 
neath log 
in  Boreal  woods 

Largely  nocturnal 
Nocturnal 

Muskrat 

Aquatic,  marshes  and 

May 

Burrow  or  marsh  nest 

Largely  nocturnal 

Pine  Mouse 
Field  Mouse 

streams 
Subterranean,   woods 

and  fields 
Woods  and  fields 

Apr.-Aug. 
May-Aug. 

Burrow 

Nest  on  ground 

Nocturnal  and  diurnal 
Nocturnal  and  diurnal 

Red-backed  Mouse 

Canadian  woods 

Apr  .-Sept. 

Nest  below  or  above 

ground 
Beneath  clod  or  board 

Nocturnal  and  diurnal 

Jumping  Mouse 

Moist  meadows 

May-Sept. 

Largely  nocturnal,  hi- 
bernates, Nov.  15- 
Apr.  or  May 

Largely  nocturnal 

Varying  Hare 

Boreal  woods 

Apr. -June 

Nest  beneath  bush  or 

stimip 
Nest     on    ground     in 

woods  and  fields 
Cavern  or  hollow  tree 

Cotton-tail 
Canada  Lynx 

Woods  and  fields 
Boreal  woods 

May   15-Aug. 
May-June 

Largely  nocturnal 
Nocturnal  and  diurnal 

Red  Fox 

Woods  and  fields 

March- Apr. 

Caverns  or  burrows 

Nocturnal  or  diurnal 

Otter 
Mink 

Borders  of  streams 
Marshes  and  stream 

Apr.-May 
Apr.-May 

Burrow    in    bank    of 

stream 
Burrow  or  hollow  log 

Largely  nocturnal 
Largely  nocturnal 

Small  Brown  Weasel 
New  York  Weasel 

Marshes,  stream  bor- 
ders, woodland,  fence 
rows,  etc. 

Apr.-May 

BvuTow  in  ground  or 
stump 

Largely  nocturnal 

Skunk 

Terrestrial,  anywhere 

Apr.-May 

Burrow 

Largely  nocturnal,   hi- 
bernates dvu-ing  cold- 

Raccoon 

Woodland 

Apr.-May 

Hollow  tree 

est  weather 
Nocturnal,    hibernates 

Star-nosed  Mole 
Naked-tailed  Mole 

Subterranean,    moist 

woods  and  meadows 

Subterranean,  alluvial 

May- 
May- 

Burrow 
Burrow 

Dec.-Peb. 
Nocturnal  and  diurnal 

Nocturnal  and  diurnal 

Hairy-tailed  Mole 

Subterranean  moist 
ground 

Terrestrial  and  subter- 
ranean, anywhere 

Terrestrial,  woods  and 
fields 

May- 

Burrow 

Nocturnal  and  diurnal 

Short-tailed  Shrew 
Long-tailed  Shrew 

May  -(Oct.) 
Jan.-Dec. 

Burrow 

Hollow  log  or  under 
board 

Nocturnal  and  diurnal 
Largely  nocturnal 

Hoary  Bat 

Arboreal 

May 

Nocturnal,   migratory, 

Red  Bat 

Arboreal 

June-July 

Among  leaves  of  trees 

found  during  October 
Nocturnal,   migratory. 

Silvery-haired  Bat 

Pipistrelle 

Big  Brown  Bat 

Arboreal 
Arboreal 
Caves  and  buildings 

June-July 
July 

Hollows  or  crevices  in 
trees 

May  is-Oct.  15 
Nocturnal,   migratory. 

May  i-(Sept.  20) 
Nocturnal,   migratory. 

May  I -Nov.  i 
Nocturnal,    hibernates 

Nov.-Feb.     or  Apr., 

Say's  Bat 

Trees  and  buildings 

July 

Probably  gregarious, 
attics  and  caves 

also  migrates 
Nocturnal,  migrates 
and  hibernates 

Little  Brown  Bat 

Caves  and  buildings 

June-July 

Gregarious,  attics  and 
caves 

Nocturnal,  migrates 
and  hibernates 

PLATE  VI  Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 

Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation); 

Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 

Other  characteristics; 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of  i 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migratibn,  hibernation): 


Pood: 
Correlated  structiu-e: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


CJommon  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation); 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI  Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 

Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of  j 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation)! 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 

Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI  Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 

Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of  I 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 
Correlated  struciure: 


Voice: 


Breeding; 

Sexual  modifications; 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 

Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of  I 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks:      h. 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding; 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Yoimg: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI  Date 

Where  fovind 


.  SIZE 
Common  name: 

Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of  I 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 
Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Voung: 

Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of » 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 

Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 
Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breedins:: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  charzr.ters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks:     ,^ 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation)! 

Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 
Place: 


Growth; 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  f  otind 


SIZE 
Common  name: 

Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  char^rters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks:     i* 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 

Food: 
Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 


Courtship: 
Place: 


Growth: 
Young: 


Other  chaiacteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 

Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  charicters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks:     <- 
Distinctive  habits:      ^ 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (ijiigration.  hibernation): 


Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications! 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  chaiacteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  charictexs  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks:     « 
Distinctive  habits:      ^ 

Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth : 
Young; 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 
Common  name: 

Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  characters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks:      .',- 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 

Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration, hibernation): 

Food: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  chaj  act  eristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  charicters  of: 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks:      ir- 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation); 

Pood: 
Correlated  structure: 

Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 


Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 

Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific 

Family,  and  characters  of » 


Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 
Correlated  structvire: 


Voice: 


Breeding; 
Sexual  modifications: 


ODurtship: 
Place: 


Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  namet 

Family,  and  characters  of  I 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General : 


Local  (habitat): 

Seasonal  (migration. hibernation): 


Pood: 

Correlated  structure: 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


PLATE  VI 


Date 
Where  found 


SIZE 


Common  name: 


Scientific  name: 

Family,  and  charactert  •(  i 

Confusing  species: 
Recognition  marks: 
Distinctive  habits: 


Distribution: 
General: 


Local  (habitat) : 

Seasonal  (migration,  hibernation): 


Pood: 
Correlated  •truccure; 


Voice: 


Breeding: 

Sexual  modifications: 

Courtship: 

Place: 

Growth: 
Young: 


Other  characteristics: 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUB  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  PINE  OP  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.00  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

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Wright,    A.TJT 


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LIBRARY,  COTiEEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE,  DAVIS 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


